Antique Chairs: The Master Class

The first thing to know about antique chairs: many antique dealers who take themselves WAY TOO SERIOUSLY (I'm proud to include myself in that esteemed category) refer to a chair as a chaise (from the French for chair and pronounced "shez"). 

The second thing to know: there are about a million different kinds of antique chairs and they all have names that are hard to pronounce. So I've made an "executive decision" (note the subtle implication that I'm an executive) to choose my top ten favorites and do the rest later:

We'll skip  bergeres and fauteils since we've covered those a while back. So let's learn these:

• Chaise à la reine (pronounced "ah la REN"): Louis XVI chair with a flat back
  

List price for the pair: $150,000 USD

• Chaise en cabriolet (pronounced " ahn CAB ree uh LAY"): An 18th century chair having a curved (concave) back
  

List price: $5,500 USD

• Chaise longue (pronounced "long"): A chair with an elongated seat and upholstered back
  

List price: $58,7590 USD

• Duchesse brisee (pronounced "due SHESS bree ZAY" and literally defined as a "broken- hearted duchess"): a chaise longue that has a chair-form end and often comes in two or three parts
  

List Price: This piece is now in a private collection and not available for sale.

• Chaise en gondole: (pronounced "ahn gone DULL"): a chair with a curving barrel-form back
  

List price: $16,000 USD

• Chaise à bureau: (pronounced "ah byou ROW): a desk chair (this one with an en gondole back also like the one above)
  

List price: $11,725 USD

• Chaise encoignure: (pronounced "ON qwan yur"): a corner chair
  

List price: $14,150 USD

• Chauffeuse: (pronounced "SHOW fu[r]z"): an early fireside chair with a low seat; here's an amazing Louis XVI pair with their original polychrome finish fully intact
  

List price: $35,700 USD the pair

• And here is a more conventional pair of small chaufeuses
  

List price: $19,750 USD the pair

• Voyeuse: (pronounced "vwah YURZ"): a conversation chair, typically upholstered at the top rail for one's elbows to rest on while chatting and also appropriate for straddling
  

List price: Now in a private collection and unavailable for sale

• Curule: (pronounced "CUE rool"): an x-shaped chair similar in profile to a savonarola; many curule chairs are really benches because they have no backs, as you can see from the examples below
  

List price: $5,350 USD

List price: $67,200 the pair

Antique chairs 101

An antique chair is one of those objects that we all know is a chair (duh) and yet we have a hard time describing its component parts. 

I know this isn't a real big deal but it does reduce a lot of us to "ooga-booga cave speak" that no client or vendor understands even though many of us are college graduates and some even Phi Beta Kappas (or Kappa Kappa Gammas which are just as good).

Anyhow, describing chairs and their parts is easily solved by reviewing the following diagrams that show what words apply to what parts of different antique chairs.

Here's a diagram of a French Regence armchair with notations as to all of its parts:

If you'd like more chair terminology (since different chair eras have different chair parts), memorize the following diagrams and you'll practically have a PHD in "Seating Technology". Let's start with an English Queen Anne armchair:

Cher does not qualify as an antique (at least not yet) but many chairs do

Let's face it, Cher's been around forever.

But not as long as me and not long enough to qualify as an antique either. In the interests of full disclosure, I'm a big Cher fan and have been since 1967, when I interviewed her and Sonny for my high school newspaper, The Van Nuys Mirror.

What can I say? I was very into Alfred E. Newman at the time.

Anyhow, Cher was starring in her first movie (bet you didn't know she made her first film at 19.....and having seen it, you should consider this a blessing). It was called "Good Times" and it was such a stinker that they invited flunky high school journalists like me to write articles on it to get it some press.

But the only thing I remember about that day was that Cher was really nice, wore bell bottoms, and made me feel better about myself because I could see she had teen acne issues just like me. Unfortunately, acne has been the only thing Cher and I have ever had in common.

But this post is not supposed to be about acne....and it's not supposed to be about Cher either. It's supposed to be about CHAIRS-antique chairs. But I got sidetracked. And now I'm pooped and need to go feed my dogs. So please go to my next two posts,"Antique Chairs 101" and "Antique Chairs: The Master Class" for lots of good educational info on this topic.

What's the difference between an antique cabinet and a cupboard?

The difference between a cabinet and a cupboard has perplexed Western Civilization for centuries. Or maybe not but I've deluded myself into thinking so.

And being delusional, I've decided in the interests of humanity as well as the arts in general, to provide you with the answer to this age old question:

The essential difference between a cupboard and a cabinet are:

• Cabinets are luxury pieces to store valuables and are therefore characterized by exteriors covered in precious materials (like gold, exotic woods, etc.) and have interiors elaborately fitted with many small drawers, secret panels and small doors.
• Cupboards, on the other hand, are more utilitarian pieces of furniture that are meant to store more general goods, items for daily use and typically have just a few shelves and/or storage compartments inside. Cupboard exteriors are not intended to "dazzle" or convey to guests that they conceal higly treasured objects. 
  

If this advice saves even one perplexed decorator from giving up design to work as a Barista at Starbucks, then I think my blog has made a significant contribution to society.

Seen below is a good example of a cabinet. It's an 18th century Italian secretary bureau cabinet that has more than 65 secret drawers, doors, pockets and hidden cubbies concealed within. The exterior is rare tortoise shell veneered over pure 22k gold leaf to create a shimmering effect of unparalleled opulence. The buyer of this piece will effectively have the Sistine Chapel in their living room. 

List price: $1,250,000 USD

Now compare this show-stopping cabinet to the very handsome 18th century English elmwood cupboard shown below (FYI, this type of cupboard is also called a Welsh dresser). It has shelves, drawers and doors but was clearly never meant to be a luxury cabinet for "the family jewels" or other family treasures. This piece was meant for utilitarian storage including plates, cups, utensils, and other household items that required storage but not the level of protection and/or display of objects de vertu like the precious cabinet above. BTW, object de vertu is a really good phrase to know and is pronounced "ohb JAY duh vair TOO" and refers to small objets of superb workmanship and value.

List price: $36,750 USD

So the next time you get asked, "What's the difference between a cabinet and a cupboard?" you can confidently answer, "About a million dollars."

Is the Southwestern look about to make a comeback or do I need an interior designer?

Dearest The Buzz,

Back in the 1970's, I decided to get rid of all my period antiques and redo my entire home myself in a handsome and fashion forward SOUTHWESTERN theme. Here's my living room:

Then I started reading your blog and it occurred to me that Southwestern might be going out of style.

Q: What's your honest impression of my living room (above) and  my bedroom (below)?:

A: Well, you probably should ask a professional designer since that's what they do. What I do is sell antiques, restore them and make custom furniture. 

Q: OK, but do you think that Southwestern design is poised to make a comeback?

A: Honestly, no, or at least not in this lifetime. Sadly, I feel the same way about the Hustle and the Lambada ("The Forbidden Dance!!")-comebacks are just not in the picture for them either-although I do miss them, especially at bar mitzvahs.

Q: Ok, so do you think I should hire a top interior designer (from your favorites list of course) to do a makeover?

A: A design makeover for your home might be just the thing!  Hmmmmm. I would approach it this way: what's more expensive, an interior designer or a bulldozer? I'd go with your wallet on this one.

P.S. All kidding aside, if you're considering redesigning your home or just giving it an "update", the only way to go is with a professional designer. They have the skill set and staff that you really need to bring a home together so that everything "works" and the look is right.

In my opinion, most folks really don't understand the myriad of skills, sources, and expertise areas that these professionals have. But let me tell you, in the end, a talented designer is one of the best investments you can ever make in what is probably your most valuable asset: your home.

Happy trails,

The Buzz

The Buzz has Shoulder Surgery and gets Rear-ended on the way home

Sometimes my life seems like a bad sitcom that really needs canceling. My adventure last week was that I got into an accident on the way back from having shoulder surgery at the hospital. Note to self: lay off the morphine and mojito chasers when driving.

My mother (bless her heart) would have told me that this was just God's way of punishing me for something I did wrong-- I always knew it was because I never put the toilet seat down. But that's not it this time (I checked). I think this just proves that God really does work in mysterious ways....

But I was very touched by the hundreds of emails I got wishing me a speedy recovery (ok, so I only got one and it was from my gardener). But just to allay your fears, here's a picture of me recovering:   Please take special notice of the dead flowers (the previous patient left them as a get well gift to me).Ok, ok, this isn't really a picture of me after the accident. I actually still look remarkably human (and NO I did not go in to have "work done" ), but this photo reflects the high drama I felt after the tragedy.

Word of the Day: CONSOLE

Console is a funny word. Makes you want to hug some random cry-baby and say "There, there now."

Or better yet, throw on that sassy red wig of yours and belt out a rowsing rendition of "The sun'll come out tomorrow, bet your bottom dollar that tomorrow, there'll be sun..."

But that's "con-SOLE" and we're interested in the antique term pronounced "CON-sole".

Ok, so here's an antique riddle: what kind of table can have four legs, three legs, two legs, or no legs at all?

This calls for a hilarious punch line--so if you think of one let me know. But since I can't think of anything I'll just tell you the answer: it's a CONSOLE table defined as a shallow table that fits up against a wall that can have elaborate ornamental struts or one to 4 legs and can even just be mounted to the wall with small brackets and no feet at all. Here's a handsome 18th c. Italian console (note the four legs):

List price: $53,500 USD

I think a console is best thought of as a narrow table that stands against a wall or, in the current vernacular, many will call it a sofa table meaning a shallow four legged console that stands behind a sofa; technically that's a misnomer (a real "sofa table" has drop leaves on each side) but let's not split hairs (since I only have about 12 left).

Here's a console with a matching mirror; this console really stands on only one elaborately carved leg:

List price (for the suite): $264,000 USD

And finally here is a solid marble console measuring over 10 feet long and having only brackets mounted to the wall for support (i.e., "Look ma, no legs!):

List price: $254,400 USD

Word of the Day: BUREAU

You'd think the word bureau would be pretty straightforward, right? But alas, no my pet. That would make life much too enjoyable. In antique jargon, bureau means different things depending on what continent you're on. And then when you figure out where you are and what you need to say, then you've got to figure out all the variations of bureaus that have additional names. Ugh, an antique dealer's job is never done.

Let's start with just the word BUREAU, pronounced "byoo ROE". In Europe and England, a bureau is a writing table or a desk. But in the U.S., many people (but not us antique folk) say bureau to mean a chest of drawers (which we now know from the prior post that we call this a commode).

But I'd be remiss if I didn't tell you that there are many different kinds of bureaus. Here are the most important ones:

Bureau à Cylindre, pronounced "..ah see LAN druh", from the French meaning a cylinder front desk (Gramps probably called it a roll top desk). Here's one:Bureau à Dos d'Ane, pronounced "...ah doe, a dear, a female dear"-sorry, I have tourette's syndrome but only when it comes to show tunes; this desk is really pronounced "...ah doe DON" and comes from the French meaning literally a "donkey back bureau", which is a small desk designed for ladies, usually with a slant top front that folds down for the writing surface. Here's a Chinoiserie example:List price: this piece is currently in a private collection and unavailable for sale.

Bureau à Pente, (also less frquently called a bureau de pente), pronounced "ah PAHNT, from the French and meaning any slant front desk, like this one: List price: $24,350 USD

Bureau Ministre, pronounced "...mee NEES struh" and meaning a large kneehole desk. Here is a truly crummy copy of an antique Bureau Ministre (I don't have any in inventory right now):

List price: You couldn't pay me to take this piece.

Bureau Plat, pronounced "...PLAH". It is the predecessor of all modern desks, created by Andre Charles Boulle during the reign of Louis XV (Boulle outlived Louis XIV) and is basically a large flat writing surface desk with one drawer below the top and one or two drawers flanking it and raised on four legs. Here's a bureau plat:
List price: $92,800 USD

But hey Buzz! What were the desks called BEFORE the Bureau Plat was invented? Well, bureaus is the simple answer but specifically the 17th c. Baroque Bureau Mazarin (pronounced "MA zuh RAN") named after Cardinal Mazarin in the mid 17th c.) and having 8 legs and mutiple drawers. Here's a jaw dropping bureau mazarin inlaid with ivory and pewter:

List price: $250,000 USD

Word of the Day: COMMODE

This is an essential and commonly misused word in antiques.

A COMMODE (pronounced "kuh MODE") is a low "chest of drawers" that typically has two or three drawers, and may or may not have a marble top.

A commode is not a toilet. Trust me, I once rushed into an antique shop and whispered : "I REALLY need to use your commode NOW". It all got very ugly.

This is a commode (18th c. Italian polychrome):

List price: $62,350 USD

A commode is also not a "dresser" or a "bureau" (those mean something else and I'll get to those in my next post).

Sidenote: OK, so if commode is a low chest of drawers, then what's a high chest of drawers called? That's called a highboy (in the U.S,) or a tallboy (in England). It's complicated and gets more so because it's also called a "chest on a chest" or a "chest on a stand" but let's cover that another time.

Hey Buzz, I'm confused (well join the club). If there's a different word for a tall commode, then is there a different word for a mini-me commode? Actually yes, in the antique trade, people call a small commode a bedside cabinet, night stand, bedside table, or, if it's a small Italian commode, then it's termed a "commodino."

Here's an 18th c. Italian commodino:

List price: $49,200 USD

Simon Says vs. Louie Says

Shown below: A Pair of 18th c. Louis XV rococo Wall Appliquès

List price: $59,000 USD the pair

In an earlier post, I cautioned against embarrassing yourself by confusing Donald Duck's nephews (Louie, Dewey and Huey) with the three French Bourbon king styles known as Louis (yes pronounced Louie) XIV, XV and XVI.

The Fleur de Lys (pronounced flur DUH lee), shown below, was the emblem of the Bourbon kings:

But then I got this disturbing email:

Dear The Buzz on Antiques,

I attended a VERY important black tie gallery opening last night. 

And the cocktail chatter eventually turned to antiques. 

So I started using some of your esoteric French terms (I HAD to because I'd told everyone earlier that I spoke fluent French and graduated from L'Ècole des Beaux-Arts) [note to readers: this is pronounced "lay cole day boze AHR" and is a Parisian school of fine arts]. But the truth is I'm still working on my AA at Chico State and only speak "un poco" Espanol. 

Anyhow, so I said "The most très chic furniture period is Louis XVI (and I pronounced it like you told me "Louie the 16th"). 

And then Bettina Vanderlip (of the Newport Vanderlips) said "That's MOST interesting....but Louie says is too neoclassical and I much prefer the baroque." So I said, "Bettina dear, if you're broke, it's probably because you're listening to everything that Louie creature says." 

And then suddenly everyone looked at their watches, squeaked "Oh look at the time!!!" and ran for the exits. 

Did I do something wrong?

Signed,

Myndi from (I'm embarrassed to say) Van Nuys, California

Dearest Myndi,

You did nothing wrong. What you did was something stupid, which is slightly different. But I'll get to that in a second.

My first piece of advice to you is just be yourself (this has nothing to do with antiques but I sense your email might be a cry for help).

Next time, start by saying "Hi, I'm Myndi and I'm a proud high school graduate from Van Nuys." You can also say "Did you know that Robert Redford, Paula Abdul, and Marilyn Monroe also went to Van Nuys High?" Not that it matters but it may come in handy if no one says"Hi" back (which is distinctly possible).

My second piece of advice is that if you absolutely cannot be yourself because you're in some Federal witness protection program, then go ahead and lie your head off and best of luck in high society. 

Besides, at art gallery openings everyone from Van Nuys is allowed to say "I'm originally from Manhattan, summered in the Hamptons, went to Miss Porter's and graduated from L'Ècole des Beaux-Arts." 

Where you went wrong at the party was using your Spanish training to decipher what was being said in FRENCH. Yes, Louis XVI is pronounced "Louie the Sixteenth" but it's also pronounced "Louie SEZ" because 16 is "seize" in French. And "baroque" is pronounced "buh ROKE", not "broke."

So Bettina was just saying that she thought Louis XVI neoclassical style was less appealing than the baroque (at which point you could have chimed in with, "Bettina, I agree, Louis XIV [which is baroque] is also MOST interesting to me" or some such other drivel that might score you points with this crowd).

And that brings up a good educational point for the rest of us: Just like Louis XVI is also called Louis Seize ("Louie SEZ"), Louis XIV is also called Louis Quatorze ("Louie kah TORZ") and Louis XV is also Louis Quinze (pronounced "Louie KANZ"). So now you know and vaya con dios.

Sincerely,

The Buzz, another out and proud graduate of Van Nuys High

P.S. I never heard of the Vanderlips but I'm sure they're a perfectly lovely family.

Shown below: An 18th c. French Louis XVI neoclassical pier mirror:

List price: $60,750 USD

Words of the Day: "FAUTEUIL" and "BERGERE"

These are two kinds of armchairs, one upholstered on the sides (the bergere) and one open on the sides (the fauteuil).

FAUTEUIL is pronounced "foe TUR" and is an open-sided armchair. Here are a pair of late 17th century Baroque Italian fauteuils upholstered in C. Mariani 22k gilded leather:

List price: $140,000 USD, the pair

Many antiquarians pronounce fauteuil "foe TOY (yuh)" and only use the term when discribing big, important armchairs that aren't upholstered on the sides. There's no right or wrong on this weird word, so don't sweat it. I just say "armchair" and skip the French but if you say "foe TUR", any antique freak will know what you mean. Wait. Wouldn't that be a great name for a new antique blog: Antique Freak. I love it!

Anyhow, here's another pair of fauteuils, these upholstered in C. Mariani's hand dyed and antiqued "Cinnabar" leather. This pair is 18th c. Italian Louis XVI (neoclassical style):

List price: $131,500 USD, the pair

And here's a third pair, again 18th c. Neoclassical Italian Louis XVI walnut and now upholstered in our 22k gold leafed leather:
List price: $107,000 USD, the pair

Now let's turn to the BERGERE.

A bergere is another type of armchair, this one upholstered on the sides. It's pronounced "behr ZHAIR" and people also just call it a club chair.

Here is a late 18th century Directoire bergere (pronounced: "direct TWAHR"; the Directoire period in France was from 1793-1799 and in the Neoclassical style but very simplified):List price: $12,100 with losses and restorations

Here is another bergere, this one a 19th c. European ("French") walnut Austrian Biedermeier (pronounced "BEAD" uh mire" and this style lasted from 1815 to 1848):List price: $20,000 USD

And lastly, a third bergere, this one 19th c. French Burl Walnut Charles X (the period just after the Empire, 1815-1834 and still in the Neoclassical style) upholstered in C. Mariani glazed leather:
List price: $14,000 USD

Stranger than Pulp Fiction: Balsa wood is a HARDWOOD

Woods used in antique furniture (or in anything else for that matter) are sadly misunderstood. 

They're misunderstood kind of like James Dean in Rebel without a Cause. Great movie. But our version would be all about the world of wood and called Rebel without a Butt-Joint. And it would star James Dean as the angst-ridden teenage Quince who smokes too much (so it can have a subplot about forest fire prevention). And then Natalie Wood would reprieve her role as a poor little Sapling prone to big talk, daddy issues, fast cars, and hopeless crushes on trees from the "wrong side of town." In wood terms, she'd be classified as a "Bad Seed" and thrown away with the rest of the trash.

But back to our topic: when it comes to fine wood antiques, everyone wants "hardwood" and no one wants that junky "softwood". Or so they think. 

In reality, hardwoods and softwoods have nothing whatsoever to do with how hard or soft they are. That misconception is just another staggering consumer fraud perpetuated by the sinister military/industrial/timber complex in D.C. or maybe someone else. I have no idea. It might even be the devil-work of AIG. I blame AIG for everything these days including my unnaturally high waist.

Shown below: An 18th Century Italian Walnut and Satinwood Parquetry Center Table

List price: $150,000 USD

FACT: Some of the hardest woods in the world are technically softwoods.

A great example is old growth American yellow pine. It's a softwood by definition (see below). But it's also incredibly dense and one of the hardest woods you can find. In fact, many "old yella" (I loved that movie) pine flitches (meaning planks from the same tree) are so dense they can bend nails.

And what's a hardwood that's really a namby pamby soft wood in disguise? Balsa wood. I kid you not. Balsa is a "hardwood" despite the fact that it's one of the lightest, softest and least dense woods there is.

So be careful when you ask if an antique farm table is hardwood. If the dealer says no that may be just fine because it may well be as hard as nails.

Shown here: An 18th Century Italian Commode of "French" walnut, rosewood, satinwood, and ebony:

List price: $136,000 USD

So how do you know if a wood is really a hardwood or a softwood? 

Simple dimple: Hardwoods are from trees that are deciduous (they drop their leaves every year like walnut, mahogany, and yes, balsa). And softwood comes from trees that are conifers and have needles (like pine trees). Softwood trees don't tend to drop their needles annually; that is, they are evergreens.

And shown below: An 18th Century Italian Marquetry and Parquetry Side Table:

List price: $53,500 USD

The thing to understand is that the world of wood is incredibly confusing in so many ways. So where do we start then to figure it out? 

Well, the basic thing to know (in addition to hardwood versus softwood as explained above), is that a lot of the confusion stems from the fact that most woods have multiple names. And sometimes the names make no sense. Take "Black Italian Poplar". It isn't black (it's white) and it doesn't grow in Italy (it grows in the UK). Hmmmmm.

But the confusion doesn't stop there. Even with a more simple wood like "walnut"--you'd think walnut would be pretty straightforward, right? But nooooo. Consider this: "African walnut" is not walnut at all nor is "Queensland walnut." True walnuts are from the Juglandaceae specie: African walnut is from the Meliaceae family and Queensland walnut is from the Lauraceae family. I'm sure that both these families are perfectly respectable but they're not walnut. Ugh. Too much information, too boring and you don't need to know all this baloney anyhow. So let's move on, OK? Well, no. 

I can't resist sharing just one more mind-twister with you on walnut (if you're thinking "Buzz, get a life" you're very insightful)....ok, so check this out: even for those who agree that a certain walnut is really a true walnut, there's a HUGE difference in the quality, look, and durability of different walnuts. For example, American domestic walnut (often called Black Walnut) is far less attractive, less expensive, and less durable than a European walnut (often called French Walnut). 

More on woods later. For today, let's just agree that: "hardwoods can be very soft and softwoods can be very hard." There, now wasn't that fun and easy? And better yet, it's true.